Python 3.x 的內建標準庫

 Python 3.x 的內建標準庫（Standard Library）是一套隨 Python 安裝時就已包含的模組，不需額外安裝就可直接使用。這些模組涵蓋：

• 數學與統計
• 檔案處理
• 作業系統互動
• 正規表示法
• 資料壓縮
• 網路處理
• 程式設計工具（如時間、日期、迴圈控制）
• 單元測試
• 資料結構輔助模組（如 collections）

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以下是常見 Python 3.x 標準庫分類與模組代表：

📊 數學與統計

模組	功能簡述
math	提供數學函數（如 sin, sqrt）
statistics	平均數、中位數、標準差等統計
random	隨機數與抽樣工具

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📁 檔案與資料處理

模組	功能簡述
os	作業系統操作（檔案、資料夾）
shutil	高階檔案操作（複製、搬移）
csv	讀寫 CSV 檔案
json	讀寫 JSON 格式

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🧮 資料結構與演算法輔助

模組	功能簡述
collections	額外資料型別如 deque, Counter
heapq	最小堆排序工具
bisect	二分搜尋
array	效率較高的陣列（固定型別）

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🕒 時間與日期

模組	功能簡述
time	處理時間戳記、延遲等
datetime	處理日期與時間
calendar	月曆、閏年等工具

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📧 網路與 Web

模組	功能簡述
urllib	網頁請求與網址處理
http	HTTP 協定處理
socket	低階網路連線工具

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🔍 正規表示式與字串處理

模組	功能簡述
re	正規表示式處理
string	字元集、格式工具
textwrap	文字換行與排版處理

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🔒 安全與編碼

模組	功能簡述
hashlib	加密（MD5、SHA 等）
base64	編碼轉換

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🧪 測試與除錯

模組	功能簡述
unittest	單元測試框架
traceback	錯誤堆疊追蹤
pdb	互動式除錯器

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🧰 其他常用工具

模組	功能簡述
itertools	高效迴圈工具組
functools	函數輔助工具（如 LRU cache）
typing	型別提示（type hint）
dataclasses	自動產生 class 的工具
enum	列舉型別

立體摩天輪

import tkinter as tk

from PIL import Image, ImageTk

import math, os

# 畫布與圓形參數

WIDTH, HEIGHT = 600, 600

RADIUS = 200

CENTER_X, CENTER_Y = WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2

ANGLE_STEP = 1  # 每次旋轉角度

# 建立視窗

root = tk.Tk()

root.title("24 車艙繞圓移動 + 中心連線 + 腳架")

canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=WIDTH, height=HEIGHT, bg="white")

canvas.pack()

# ✅ 加上整個摩天輪的支撐腳架（靜態）

foot_base_y = HEIGHT - 50

foot_width = 120

canvas.create_line(CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, CENTER_X - foot_width, foot_base_y, width=6, fill='black')

canvas.create_line(CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, CENTER_X + foot_width, foot_base_y, width=6, fill='black')

canvas.create_line(CENTER_X - foot_width - 50, foot_base_y,

                   CENTER_X + foot_width + 50, foot_base_y,

                   fill='gray', dash=(4, 4))  # 地面線

# 載入 24 張圖片

photos = []

for i in range(24):

    img_path = os.path.join("unit", f"unit{i%7}.png")

    img = Image.open(img_path).resize((40, 60))

    photo = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img)

    photos.append(photo)

# 建立 24 台車艙，每台車對應一條中心線 + 腳架

cars = []

for i in range(24):

    angle = i * 15

    rad = math.radians(angle)

    x = CENTER_X + RADIUS * math.cos(rad)

    y = CENTER_Y + RADIUS * math.sin(rad)

    car_id = canvas.create_image(x, y, image=photos[i])

    line_id = canvas.create_line(CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, x, y, fill='gray', dash=(4, 2))  # 中心連線

    # 加入左右腳架線（初始位置）

    # foot_offset = 20

    # leg1 = canvas.create_line(x, y, x - foot_offset, y + foot_offset, fill='black')

    # leg2 = canvas.create_line(x, y, x + foot_offset, y + foot_offset, fill='black')

    cars.append({

        'id': car_id,

        'angle': angle,

        'photo': photos[i],

        'line': line_id,

    })

# 動畫更新函數

frame = 0  # 全域 frame 計數器

def move_cars():

    global frame

    frame += ANGLE_STEP  # 每次更新一點點角度

    x_scale = -0.6 + 0.6 * abs(math.cos(math.radians(frame)))  # x 縮放因子：0.6～1.0

    for car in cars:

        car['angle'] = (car['angle'] + ANGLE_STEP) % 360

        rad = math.radians(car['angle'])

        # 🚩 加入 x_scale 縮放

        x = CENTER_X + RADIUS * math.cos(rad) * x_scale

        y = CENTER_Y + RADIUS * math.sin(rad)

        # 更新車艙位置

        canvas.coords(car['id'], x, y)

        # 更新中心連線

        canvas.coords(car['line'], CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, x, y)

    canvas.after(30, move_cars)

move_cars()

root.mainloop()

摩天輪 ：12 車艙繞圓移動 + 中心連線 + 腳架

 import tkinter as tk

from PIL import Image, ImageTk

import math, os

# 畫布與圓形參數

WIDTH, HEIGHT = 600, 600

RADIUS = 200

CENTER_X, CENTER_Y = WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2

ANGLE_STEP = 2  # 每次旋轉角度

# 建立視窗

root = tk.Tk()

root.title("12 車艙繞圓移動 + 中心連線 + 腳架")

canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=WIDTH, height=HEIGHT, bg="white")

canvas.pack()

# ✅ 加上整個摩天輪的支撐腳架（靜態）

foot_base_y = HEIGHT - 50

foot_width = 120

canvas.create_line(CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, CENTER_X - foot_width, foot_base_y, width=6, fill='black')

canvas.create_line(CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, CENTER_X + foot_width, foot_base_y, width=6, fill='black')

canvas.create_line(CENTER_X - foot_width - 50, foot_base_y,

                   CENTER_X + foot_width + 50, foot_base_y,

                   fill='gray', dash=(4, 4))  # 地面線

# 載入 6 張圖片

photos = []

for i in range(12):

    img_path = os.path.join("unit", f"unit{i%7}.png")

    img = Image.open(img_path).resize((40, 60))

    photo = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img)

    photos.append(photo)

# 建立 6 台車艙，每台車對應一條中心線 + 腳架

cars = []

for i in range(12):

    angle = i * 30

    rad = math.radians(angle)

    x = CENTER_X + RADIUS * math.cos(rad)

    y = CENTER_Y + RADIUS * math.sin(rad)

    car_id = canvas.create_image(x, y, image=photos[i])

    line_id = canvas.create_line(CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, x, y, fill='gray', dash=(4, 2))  # 中心連線

    # 加入左右腳架線（初始位置）

    foot_offset = 20

    leg1 = canvas.create_line(x, y, x - foot_offset, y + foot_offset, fill='black')

    leg2 = canvas.create_line(x, y, x + foot_offset, y + foot_offset, fill='black')

    cars.append({

        'id': car_id,

        'angle': angle,

        'photo': photos[i],

        'line': line_id,

        'leg1': leg1,

        'leg2': leg2

    })

# 動畫更新函數

def move_cars():

    for car in cars:

        car['angle'] = (car['angle'] + ANGLE_STEP) % 360

        rad = math.radians(car['angle'])

        x = CENTER_X + RADIUS * math.cos(rad)

        y = CENTER_Y + RADIUS * math.sin(rad)

        # 更新車艙位置

        canvas.coords(car['id'], x, y)

        # 更新中心連線

        canvas.coords(car['line'], CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, x, y)

        # 更新腳架線（左右分叉）

        foot_offset = 20

        canvas.coords(car['leg1'], x, y, x - foot_offset, y + foot_offset)

        canvas.coords(car['leg2'], x, y, x + foot_offset, y + foot_offset)

    canvas.after(30, move_cars)

move_cars()

root.mainloop()

射擊遊戲 修

 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import pygame

import sys

import random

pygame.init()

# 畫面設定

WIDTH, HEIGHT = 800, 600

WHITE = (255, 255, 255)

BLUE = (0, 200, 255)

screen = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH, HEIGHT))

pygame.display.set_caption("射擊遊戲")

# 載入圖片

enemy_img = pygame.image.load("enemy_ship.png")

enemy_img = pygame.transform.scale(enemy_img, (60, 40))

player_image = pygame.image.load("player_turret.jpg")

player_image = pygame.transform.scale(player_image, (80, 60))

# 玩家位置與速度

player_width = 80

player_height = 60

player_x = WIDTH // 2 - player_width // 2

player_y = HEIGHT - player_height - 10

player_speed = 8

# 子彈設定

bullet_width = 5

bullet_height = 10

bullet_speed = 8

bullets = []

# 敵人設定

enemy_rows = 5

enemy_cols = 10

enemy_width = WIDTH // enemy_cols

enemy_height = 40

enemies = []

for row in range(enemy_rows):

    for col in range(enemy_cols):

        x = col * enemy_width + 10

        y = row * enemy_height + 40

        rect = pygame.Rect(x, y, 60, 40)

        enemies.append({'rect': rect, 'alive': True})

# 分數

score = 0

font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 36)

# 遊戲主迴圈

clock = pygame.time.Clock()

running = True

while running:

    clock.tick(60)

    # 事件處理

    for event in pygame.event.get():

        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:

            running = False

        if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:

            bullet_x = player_x + player_width // 2 - bullet_width // 2

            bullet_y = player_y

            bullets.append(pygame.Rect(bullet_x, bullet_y, bullet_width, bullet_height))

    ss = random.randint(1,10)    

    if ss >= 9:

        bullet_x = player_x + player_width // 2 - bullet_width // 2

        bullet_y = player_y

        bullets.append(pygame.Rect(bullet_x, bullet_y, bullet_width, bullet_height))

    # 控制玩家左右移動

    keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()

    if keys[pygame.K_LEFT]:

        player_x -= player_speed

    if keys[pygame.K_RIGHT]:

        player_x += player_speed

    player_x += random.randint(-40,60)

    if player_x> WIDTH - player_width:

        for k in range(3):

            bullet_x = player_x + player_width // 2 - bullet_width // 2

            bullet_y = player_y

            bullets.append(pygame.Rect(bullet_x, bullet_y, bullet_width, bullet_height))

        player_x = 10

    player_x = max(0, min(WIDTH - player_width, player_x))

    # 更新子彈

    for bullet in bullets[:]:

        bullet.y -= bullet_speed

        if bullet.bottom < 0:

            bullets.remove(bullet)

    # 子彈擊中敵人

    for bullet in bullets[:]:

        for enemy in enemies:

            if enemy['alive'] and enemy['rect'].colliderect(bullet):

                enemy['alive'] = False

                bullets.remove(bullet)

                score += 10

                break

    # 畫面更新

    screen.fill(WHITE)

    # 畫敵人

    for enemy in enemies:

        if enemy['alive']:

            screen.blit(enemy_img, enemy['rect'].topleft)

    # 畫玩家炮塔

    screen.blit(player_image, (player_x, player_y))

    # 畫子彈

    for bullet in bullets:

        pygame.draw.rect(screen, BLUE, bullet)

    # 分數

    score_text = font.render(f"Score: {score}", True, (0, 0, 0))

    screen.blit(score_text, (10, 10))

    pygame.display.flip()

pygame.quit()

sys.exit()

射擊遊戲

 import pygame

import sys

pygame.init()

# 畫面設定

WIDTH, HEIGHT = 800, 600

WHITE = (255, 255, 255)

BLUE = (0, 200, 255)

screen = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH, HEIGHT))

pygame.display.set_caption("射擊遊戲 - 玩家是飛機")

# 載入圖片

enemy_img = pygame.image.load("enemy_ship.png")

enemy_img = pygame.transform.scale(enemy_img, (60, 40))

player_image = pygame.image.load("player_turret.jpg")

player_image = pygame.transform.scale(player_image, (80, 60))

# 玩家位置與速度

player_width = 80

player_height = 60

player_x = WIDTH // 2 - player_width // 2

player_y = HEIGHT - player_height - 10

player_speed = 8

# 子彈設定

bullet_width = 5

bullet_height = 10

bullet_speed = 8

bullets = []

# 敵人設定

enemy_rows = 5

enemy_cols = 10

enemy_width = WIDTH // enemy_cols

enemy_height = 40

enemies = []

for row in range(enemy_rows):

    for col in range(enemy_cols):

        x = col * enemy_width + 10

        y = row * enemy_height + 40

        rect = pygame.Rect(x, y, 60, 40)

        enemies.append({'rect': rect, 'alive': True})

# 分數

score = 0

font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 36)

# 遊戲主迴圈

clock = pygame.time.Clock()

running = True

while running:

    clock.tick(60)

    # 事件處理

    for event in pygame.event.get():

        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:

            running = False

        if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:

            bullet_x = player_x + player_width // 2 - bullet_width // 2

            bullet_y = player_y

            bullets.append(pygame.Rect(bullet_x, bullet_y, bullet_width, bullet_height))

    # 控制玩家左右移動

    keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()

    if keys[pygame.K_LEFT]:

        player_x -= player_speed

    if keys[pygame.K_RIGHT]:

        player_x += player_speed

    player_x = max(0, min(WIDTH - player_width, player_x))

    # 更新子彈

    for bullet in bullets[:]:

        bullet.y -= bullet_speed

        if bullet.bottom < 0:

            bullets.remove(bullet)

    # 子彈擊中敵人

    for bullet in bullets[:]:

        for enemy in enemies:

            if enemy['alive'] and enemy['rect'].colliderect(bullet):

                enemy['alive'] = False

                bullets.remove(bullet)

                score += 10

                break

    # 畫面更新

    screen.fill(WHITE)

    # 畫敵人

    for enemy in enemies:

        if enemy['alive']:

            screen.blit(enemy_img, enemy['rect'].topleft)

    # 畫玩家炮塔

    screen.blit(player_image, (player_x, player_y))

    # 畫子彈

    for bullet in bullets:

        pygame.draw.rect(screen, BLUE, bullet)

    # 分數

    score_text = font.render(f"Score: {score}", True, (0, 0, 0))

    screen.blit(score_text, (10, 10))

    pygame.display.flip()

pygame.quit()

sys.exit()

打磚塊

 

import pygame

import sys

import random

pygame.init()

# 畫面設定

WIDTH, HEIGHT = 800, 600

WHITE = (255, 255, 255)

RED = (255, 0, 0)

BLUE = (0, 100, 255)

COLORS = [(255, 100, 100), (255, 200, 0), (0, 200, 100), (100, 100, 255), (200, 0, 200)]

screen = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH, HEIGHT))

pygame.display.set_caption("打磚塊遊戲")

# 玩家方塊

player_width = 100

player_height = 20

player_x = WIDTH // 2 - player_width // 2

player_y = HEIGHT - 75

player_speed = 8

# 球

ball_radius = 10

ball_x = WIDTH // 2

ball_y = HEIGHT // 2

ball_x_speed = 12

ball_y_speed = -12

# 磚塊設定（5列×10行）

brick_rows = 5

brick_cols = 10

brick_width = WIDTH // brick_cols

brick_height = 25

bricks = []

for row in range(brick_rows):

    for col in range(brick_cols):

        x = col * brick_width

        y = row * brick_height + 40  # 從 y=40 開始畫

        rect = pygame.Rect(x, y, brick_width - 2, brick_height - 2)

        color = COLORS[row % len(COLORS)]

        bricks.append({'rect': rect, 'color': color, 'alive': True})

# 分數

score = 0

font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 36)

clock = pygame.time.Clock()

running = True

while running:

    clock.tick(60)

    # 事件處理

    for event in pygame.event.get():

        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:

            running = False

    # 玩家左右控制

    keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()

    if keys[pygame.K_LEFT]:

        player_x -= player_speed

    if keys[pygame.K_RIGHT]:

        player_x += player_speed

    player_x = max(0, min(WIDTH - player_width, player_x))

    # 球移動

    ball_x += ball_x_speed

    ball_y += ball_y_speed

    # 左右牆反彈

    if ball_x - ball_radius <= 0 or ball_x + ball_radius >= WIDTH:

        ball_x_speed = -ball_x_speed

    # 上下邊界反彈

    if ball_y - ball_radius <= 0:

        ball_y_speed = -ball_y_speed

    # 掉到底部，遊戲重置

    if ball_y > HEIGHT:

        ball_x = WIDTH // 2

        ball_y = HEIGHT // 2

        ball_x_speed = 4

        ball_y_speed = -4

        score = 0

        for b in bricks:

            b['alive'] = True

    # 撞玩家方塊

    player_rect = pygame.Rect(player_x, player_y, player_width, player_height)

    if player_rect.collidepoint(ball_x, ball_y + ball_radius) and ball_y_speed > 0:

        ball_y_speed = -ball_y_speed

    # 撞磚塊

    for b in bricks:

        if b['alive'] and b['rect'].collidepoint(ball_x, ball_y):

            b['alive'] = False

            ball_y_speed = -ball_y_speed

            score += 10

            break

    # 畫面更新

    screen.fill(WHITE)

    # 畫磚塊

    for b in bricks:

        if b['alive']:

            pygame.draw.rect(screen, b['color'], b['rect'])

    # 畫玩家與球

    pygame.draw.rect(screen, RED, player_rect)

    pygame.draw.circle(screen, BLUE, (int(ball_x), int(ball_y)), ball_radius)

    # 分數顯示

    score_text = font.render(f"Score: {score}", True, (0, 0, 0))

    screen.blit(score_text, (10, 10))

    pygame.display.flip()

pygame.quit()

sys.exit()